[common] Support all TIMESTAMP precisions in the numeric string cast

paimon-common/src/main/java/org/apache/paimon/utils/BinaryStringUtils.java

@@ -321,31 +321,25 @@ public static Timestamp toTimestamp(BinaryString input, int precision, TimeZone
         return DateTimeUtils.parseTimestampData(input.toString(), precision, timeZone);
     }
 
+    private static final long[] POW10 = {1L, 10L, 100L, 1_000L, 10_000L, 100_000L, 1_000_000L};
+
     // Helper method to convert epoch to Timestamp with the provided precision.
     private static Timestamp fromMillisToTimestamp(long epoch, int precision) {
-        // Calculate milliseconds and nanoseconds from epoch based on precision
+        if (precision < 0 || precision > 9) {
+            throw new RuntimeException("Unsupported precision: " + precision);
+        }
+
+        // epoch counts units of 10^-precision seconds, so one unit is 10^(3 - precision)
+        // milliseconds: seconds at precision 0, millis at 3, micros at 6, nanos at 9.
         long millis;
         int nanosOfMillis;
-
-        switch (precision) {
-            case 0: // seconds
-                millis = epoch * 1000;
-                nanosOfMillis = 0;
-                break;
-            case 3: // milliseconds
-                millis = epoch;
-                nanosOfMillis = 0;
-                break;
-            case 6: // microseconds
-                millis = epoch / 1000;
-                nanosOfMillis = (int) ((epoch % 1000) * 1000);
-                break;
-            case 9: // nanoseconds
-                millis = epoch / 1_000_000;
-                nanosOfMillis = (int) (epoch % 1_000_000);
-                break;
-            default:
-                throw new RuntimeException("Unsupported precision: " + precision);
+        if (precision > 3) {
+            long divisor = POW10[precision - 3];
+            millis = epoch / divisor;
+            nanosOfMillis = (int) ((epoch % divisor) * 1_000_000L / divisor);
+        } else {
+            millis = epoch * POW10[3 - precision];
+            nanosOfMillis = 0;
         }
 
         // If nanoseconds is negative, remove a millisecond

paimon-common/src/test/java/org/apache/paimon/utils/BinaryStringUtilsTest.java

@@ -52,7 +52,19 @@ class BinaryStringUtilsTest {
         // One second and one nanosecond before epoch in nanoseconds
         // The negative nanosecond gets flipped and the milliseconds decremented
         "-1000000001, 9, -1001, 999999",
-        "-86400123456, 6, -86400124, 544000"
+        "-86400123456, 6, -86400124, 544000",
+        // Intermediate precisions scale the unit by ten per step from the anchors.
+        "36000000, 4, 3600000, 0", // one hour in 0.1 ms units
+        "360000000, 5, 3600000, 0", // one hour in 0.01 ms units
+        "36000000000, 7, 3600000, 0", // one hour in 100 ns units
+        "360000000000, 8, 3600000, 0", // one hour in 10 ns units
+        "36000, 1, 3600000, 0", // one hour in 0.1 s units
+        "360000, 2, 3600000, 0", // one hour in 0.01 s units
+        // A remainder below one millisecond becomes nanos-of-millisecond
+        "17000000001, 5, 170000000, 10000", // one 0.01 ms unit past the millisecond
+        "170000000012, 8, 1700000, 120", // twelve 10 ns units past the millisecond
+        // Negative epoch: the nanos-of-millisecond offset stays positive
+        "-1700000001, 7, -170001, 999900"
     })
     void testToTimestamp(String input, int precision, long expectedMillis, int expectedNanos) {
         BinaryString binaryInput = BinaryString.fromString(input);
@@ -63,7 +75,7 @@ void testToTimestamp(String input, int precision, long expectedMillis, int expec
     }
 
     @ParameterizedTest
-    @ValueSource(ints = {1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 8, 10, -1})
+    @ValueSource(ints = {10, -1})
     void testInvalidPrecisions(int precision) {
         BinaryString input = BinaryString.fromString("1609459200");